Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women globally, and understanding the factors that contribute to its development is crucial for prevention. While some risk factors, such as age and genetics, are beyond a person’s control, others are influenced by lifestyle choices and can be managed to reduce the risk. By recognising the distinction between controllable and uncontrollable factors, women can take proactive steps to lower their chances of developing breast cancer. 

To understand the risk factors — controllable and uncontrollable — OnlyMyHealth team interacted with Dr Saphalta Baghmar, Senior Consultant, Medical Oncology, Amrita Hospital, Faridabad. 

Controllable Risk Factors

These are lifestyle and environmental factors that individuals can influence or modify, potentially reducing the risk of developing breast cancer.

Alcohol Consumption 

Regular alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for breast cancer. Research shows that even low levels of alcohol can increase oestrogen levels, a hormone linked to breast cancer. Dr Baghmar advises limiting alcohol intake to reduce this risk.

Being Overweight or Obese 

Excess body fat, particularly after menopause, significantly increases breast cancer risk. A study shows that fat tissue produces oestrogen, which can promote the development of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise is essential for prevention.

Reproductive Choices 

Women who have never had children or had their first child after the age of 30 are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer. Pregnancy reduces the total number of menstrual cycles in a woman’s life, thus lowering hormone exposure that could contribute to breast cancer development.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) 

Hormone replacement therapy, especially combined oestrogen and progesterone, can increase breast cancer risk if used for an extended period. Dr Baghmar stresses the importance of discussing the benefits and risks of HRT with a healthcare provider to make informed decisions.

Birth Control Pills 

Oral contraceptives may slightly increase breast cancer risk, particularly in women who have used them for an extended time. However, the risk diminishes after stopping the pills. Women should weigh the pros and cons of birth control options with their doctor.

Radiation Exposure 

High doses of radiation, particularly during childhood or adolescence, increase breast cancer risk. While some exposure to radiation is unavoidable (e.g., from diagnostic tests), minimising unnecessary exposure and using protective measures when undergoing medical imaging can help reduce risk.

Also read: Non-hormonal Birth Control Methods: Here’s A Guide To Contraceptive Alternatives

Uncontrollable Risk Factors

These risk factors are beyond an individual’s control but remain important in understanding overall breast cancer risk.

Age 

The risk of breast cancer increases as a woman gets older. Most breast cancer cases are diagnosed in women over 50, making age one of the most significant risk factors.

Family History and Genetics 

Having a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with breast cancer increases the likelihood of developing the disease. Additionally, inheriting mutations in breast cancer genes (BRCA1 or BRCA2) further elevates the risk. Women with a family history of breast cancer should consider genetic testing and consult with healthcare professionals for personalised screening strategies.

Previous Breast Cancer Biopsy 

A past breast biopsy showing atypical changes, such as atypical hyperplasia, can increase future breast cancer risk. Women with such a history should follow strict screening protocols and engage in regular monitoring.

Early Menarche (Before Age 12) 

Early onset of menstruation exposes the body to hormones like oestrogen for a longer duration, increasing the likelihood of breast cancer. While this is uncontrollable, awareness of the added risk can help individuals prioritise screening.

Also read: If It Isn’t Breast Cancer, Should You Still Worry About The Lump?

Late Menopause (After Age 55) 

Similarly, women who experience menopause after age 55 are exposed to oestrogen for a longer time, elevating their breast cancer risk. Regular check-ups and mammograms are especially important for this group.

Genetic Mutations (BRCA1 or BRCA2) 

Women who inherit BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations have a significantly higher risk of developing breast cancer. Preventative measures, such as increased surveillance or prophylactic surgeries, may be recommended for women with these mutations.

Conclusion

While some breast cancer risk factors are uncontrollable, many lifestyle choices can influence an individual’s overall risk. Dr Saphalta Baghmar points out, understanding and managing controllable risk factors—such as maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol, and discussing reproductive and hormonal therapies with a healthcare provider—can play a critical role in breast cancer prevention. Regular screenings and awareness of personal risk factors are essential for early detection and better outcomes.